Hazard Identification
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Hazard identification is the structured process of recognising situations, substances or activities in a workplace that have the potential to cause harm to people, property or the environment.
Hazard identification is the systematic process of recognising conditions, activities, materials, or situations in the workplace that have the potential to cause harm. It is the first step in the risk management process defined under Australian WHS legislation. Methods include workplace inspections, task observations, incident and near-miss analysis, consultation with workers, review of safety data sheets, and analysis of equipment manuals and manufacturer guidance.
The legal duty to identify hazards
Regulation 34 of the model Work Health and Safety Regulations (5 December 2025) requires a duty holder, in managing risks to health and safety, to identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety. It is step 1 of the four risk management steps in Safe Work Australia's model Code of Practice How to manage work health and safety risks (November 2024).
Consultation is part of it. Under section 49 of the model WHS Act, a PCBU must consult workers when identifying hazards and assessing risks. If the workers are represented by a health and safety representative, the consultation must involve that representative (section 48(2)).
Workers must take reasonable care for their own and others' health and safety, comply with reasonable instructions, and co-operate with reasonable health and safety policies and procedures that have been notified to them (section 28), including a notified hazard reporting procedure.
Victoria is not a model WHS state; its duties sit under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. This page is general information, not legal advice: confirm the detail with your state or territory regulator.
Sources: Safe Work Australia: model Work Health and Safety Regulations (5 December 2025) · Safe Work Australia: model Work Health and Safety Bill (5 December 2025) · Safe Work Australia: model Code of Practice, How to manage work health and safety risks (November 2024)
How to find hazards
The model Code describes four ways to find hazards: inspect the workplace and observe how work is done; consult workers and their health and safety representatives, including about near misses and incidents that have not been reported; consult suppliers and others in the supply chain; and review available information, such as safety data sheets, instruction manuals and records of incidents, near misses, health monitoring, workers' compensation and complaints.
It notes that hazards are not always obvious. Some are constantly present, others arise sporadically or affect health over a long period, and a combination of hazards often causes the harm. It recommends listing every hazard found, including those already being dealt with, so that nothing is missed.
Where workers may be reluctant to raise psychosocial hazards such as bullying or harassment, the Code suggests anonymous and confidential ways to raise concerns, such as anonymous surveys or reporting systems.
Common hazards and the harm they cause
The model Code gives these examples of common workplace hazards. A single piece of plant, substance or process can carry several of them.
| Hazard | Example | Potential harm |
|---|---|---|
| Manual tasks | Sustained or awkward postures, high or sudden force, repetitive movements or vibration | Musculoskeletal disorders such as damage to joints, ligaments and muscles |
| Gravity | Falling objects, falls, slips and trips of people | Fractures, bruises, lacerations, dislocations, concussion, permanent injuries or death |
| Psychosocial | High job demands, poor support, harmful behaviours such as bullying, harassment or violence, and exposure to traumatic events or material | Psychological harm such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or sleep disorders; physical harm such as chronic disease or fatigue-related injuries |
| Electricity | Exposure to live electrical wires | Shock, burns, damage to organs and nerves, permanent injuries or death |
| Machinery and equipment | Being hit by moving vehicles, or caught in moving parts of machinery | Fractures, bruises, lacerations, dislocations, permanent injuries or death |
| Hazardous chemicals | Acids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, asbestos and silica | Respiratory illnesses, cancers or dermatitis |
| Extreme temperatures | Heat and cold | Burns, heat stroke and fatigue-related injuries; hypothermia or frostbite |
| Noise | Exposure to loud noise | Permanent hearing damage |
| Radiation | Ultraviolet, welding arc flashes, microwaves and lasers | Burns, cancer or blindness |
| Biological | Micro-organisms | Hepatitis, legionnaires' disease, Q fever, HIV/AIDS or allergies |
Examples of common hazards and potential harms, from Table 1 of the model Code of Practice How to manage work health and safety risks (November 2024)
Key facts you can cite
Regulation 34 of the model WHS Regulations requires duty holders to identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety.
Source: Safe Work Australia, model Work Health and Safety Regulations, checked 21 September 2026
Under section 49 of the model WHS Act, a PCBU must consult workers when identifying hazards and assessing risks to health and safety.
Source: Safe Work Australia, model Work Health and Safety Bill, checked 21 September 2026
If workers are represented by a health and safety representative, consultation about hazards must involve that representative (section 48(2) of the model WHS Act).
Source: Safe Work Australia, model Work Health and Safety Bill, checked 21 September 2026
Hazard identification is step 1 of the four risk management steps in Safe Work Australia's model Code of Practice on managing WHS risks (November 2024).
Source: Safe Work Australia, model Code of Practice: How to manage work health and safety risks, checked 21 September 2026
The model Code describes four ways to find hazards: inspect the workplace, consult workers, consult the supply chain, and review available information such as safety data sheets and incident records.
Source: Safe Work Australia, model Code of Practice: How to manage work health and safety risks, checked 21 September 2026
Reuse these lines with attribution: cite the named primary source, and link this page if the summary helped.
Why it matters
Hazards that are not identified cannot be controlled. Australian WHS law places a primary duty on PCBUs to identify reasonably foreseeable hazards and implement controls before work begins. Effective hazard identification reduces incident rates, supports proactive safety culture, and provides the foundation for meaningful risk assessments and safe work procedures.
How MapTrack helps
MapTrack captures hazard observations through digital forms on mobile devices, linking each identified hazard to the relevant asset, site, or project with automatic escalation for high-risk findings.
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Frequently asked questions
What are common methods of hazard identification?
Common methods include workplace inspections and walk-throughs, task and job safety analyses, review of incident and near-miss reports, consultation with workers (toolbox talks, safety committees), review of safety data sheets and equipment manuals, and analysis of industry-specific hazard registers. The most effective programmes combine multiple methods to catch hazards that any single approach might miss.
Who is responsible for identifying hazards in the workplace?
Under the model WHS Regulations, duty holders such as the PCBU must identify reasonably foreseeable hazards (regulation 34). However, hazard identification is most effective when it involves everyone on site. Workers must take reasonable care and co-operate with the PCBU's notified health and safety procedures, including hazard reporting (section 28 of the model WHS Act), and supervisors should conduct regular inspections. The PCBU must consult workers when identifying hazards and assessing risks, and involve their health and safety representative if they have one (sections 48 and 49).
How often should hazard identification be carried out?
Hazard identification should be ongoing, not a one-off exercise. It should occur before new tasks or processes begin, when new equipment is introduced, after incidents or near misses, when workplace conditions change (weather, layout, personnel), and during regular scheduled inspections. Pre-task assessments such as Take 5s provide hazard identification at the start of every shift or task.
Related terms
Risk Assessment
A risk assessment is a systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm, and determining control measures that eliminate the risk or, where that is not reasonably practicable, minimise it so far as is reasonably practicable. It follows the hierarchy of controls (elimination; substitution, isolation or engineering controls; administrative controls; PPE) and produces a documented record of identified risks and the measures taken to manage them.
Take 5 Safety Assessment
A Take 5 is a brief, pre-task safety assessment where workers pause for approximately five minutes to identify hazards in their immediate environment before starting work. Widely used in Australian construction, mining, and industrial workplaces, it prompts workers to stop and check the task and the work area as they actually are before they begin. Formats vary by organisation; one common version is SLAMS: stop, look, assess, manage, start. The assessment is typically recorded on a standardised form or digital checklist.
WHS compliance software
WHS compliance software is a digital WHS management system that helps organisations meet Work Health and Safety obligations by managing inspections, incident records, risk assessments, corrective actions, contractor compliance, regulatory reporting and audit trails. It replaces paper registers, spreadsheets and email chains with a searchable system of record that shows what was checked, when it was checked, who completed it, what failed and what evidence was attached.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
A Job Safety Analysis is a structured risk assessment technique that breaks a work task into its component steps, identifies the hazards present at each step, and documents the control measures required to eliminate or minimise those hazards. The JSA process typically involves observing the task, consulting with workers who perform it, listing each step in sequence, identifying what could go wrong at each step, and recording the controls that should be applied, following the hierarchy of controls from elimination through to personal protective equipment. JSAs are widely used across construction, mining, manufacturing, oil and gas, and logistics to ensure that hazards are systematically identified and addressed before work begins. They are often completed collaboratively by the work crew at the start of a shift or before a non-routine task. The completed JSA serves as both a planning tool and a communication document that every crew member reads and signs before commencing work, ensuring shared understanding of the hazards and the agreed controls.
Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS)
A Safe Work Method Statement is a documented procedure that describes the high-risk construction work to be carried out, the hazards associated with that work, and the control measures that will be implemented to manage those hazards. In Australia, a SWMS is a legal requirement for high risk construction work: regulation 291 of the model WHS Regulations lists 18 types, 19 in the ACT and Victoria, including work with a risk of a fall of more than two metres, work on or near energised electrical installations, demolition of load-bearing elements, and work in or near confined spaces. The SWMS must be prepared before the high-risk work commences, must take account of the circumstances at the workplace, and must be readily accessible to the workers carrying out the task. Workers who will do the work should be consulted on it, and many sites ask them to sign it, although the Regulations do not require a signature. A SWMS must be reviewed, and revised as necessary, whenever the relevant control measures are revised. The document typically includes the project and task description, the names and qualifications of workers, a step-by-step breakdown of the work, identified hazards at each step, risk ratings, and the specific control measures to be applied.
Cite this definition
Writing about this topic? You’re welcome to quote this definition. Here’s the wording to use so your readers can find the original.
Hazard identification is the systematic process of recognising conditions, activities, materials, or situations in the workplace that have the potential to cause harm.
- Short attribution
- MapTrack Glossary: Hazard Identification, https://www.maptrack.com/glossary/hazard-identification
- Reference list
- MapTrack. (2026). Hazard Identification [Glossary definition]. Retrieved from https://www.maptrack.com/glossary/hazard-identification
Free to reuse with credit under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. If you’d rather link straight to it, the page is https://www.maptrack.com/glossary/hazard-identification.
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